PURPOSE: Fluoroscopic guidance is a routine practice in endourology; both the physician and the assistants are exposed to some RADIATION via RADIATION scatter. Measurement of RADIATION doses in staff is important, but often these data are not reported. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We measured RADIATION EXPOSURE during 100 cases of percutaneous nephrolithotomy using lithium fluoride thermoluminescent dosimeters placed at the head, eye glasses, the fingers, and the legs of the operating surgeon, the assistant, and the circulating nurse. RESULTS: The mean screening time was 4.5 minutes (range, 1 to 8 minutes) with mean fluoroscopy tube potential of 73 kVp, and mean tube current of 2.8 mA. The estimated scatter EXPOSURE rate at 40 cm from the x-ray beam was 0.47, 0.04, 0.21, and 4.1 microGy to the head, eye glasses, the fingers, and the legs of the operating surgeon, respectively. The estimated scatter EXPOSURE rate at different points from the x-ray beam was 0.05, 0.01, 0.025, and 0.1 microGy to the head, eye glasses, the fingers, and the legs of the assistant, respectively and the estimated scatter EXPOSURE rate at all different points from the x-ray beam for circulating nurse was 0 microGy. CONCLUSION: Fluoroscopic screening results in RADIATION EXPOSURE of the medical staff. The surgeon received the maximum RADIATION EXPOSURE, mostly to the legs and very least to the eyes. The assistant received less RADIATION EXPOSURE than the surgeon and the nurse did not receive significant amount of RADIATION. 

The perioperative imaging of a pregnant woman presents a unique challenge to orthopaedics surgeon as concern about the RADIATION risk to the embryo or fetus. This article highlights effect of RADIATION EXPOSURE on foetus.I would like to discuss about the amount of RADIATION EXPOSURE in a pregnant woman during fluoroscopic guided closed femoral Interlock nailing as RADIATION has significant cancerous and non cancerous effect on fetus.

Background: The number of interventional cardiology procedures performed has increased rapidly over the past years. While these procedures help physicians avoid using highly complicated invasive methods, it usually leads to high levels of EXPOSURE to ionizing RADIATION of both patients and cardiologist. The dose received by the cardiologist during interventional cardiology procedures is determined by a wide range of factors such as clinical problems to be treated, the interventional technique to be used, the x-ray system employed, experience of the cardiologist, the protective measures taken as well as their use during the examination.Objective: To measure the dose received by 22 cardiologists, radiology residents, radiologic technologists and nurses during interventional cardiology examinations performed in various teaching hospitals affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences.Methods: The RADIATION dose was basically measured by thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLD). Other personal dosimetry devices such as film badges and pen dosimeters were also used. According to IAEA guidelines, the dosimeter should be worn under the lead apron (at waist level) for estimating the effective dose but due to high workload in interventional radiology and since the areas of the body which are not protected by the apron receive much higher RADIATION doses, in this study an additional dosimeter was used over the apron (at collar level).Results: The mean±SD monthly dose recorded by dosimeters of cardiologists over the apron at collar level was 912.1±224.4 (range: 660.8–1176.4) mGy, hands received doses up to 9674.4 mGy month-1 as recorded by TLD chips.Conclusion: The annual effective dose received by interventional cardiologists who use standard lead aprons hardly reaches the occupational EXPOSURE dose limit of 20 mSv/y.

Different researches have been performed on natural EXPOSURE of cosmic rays and their effects on the human health. Monitoring of cosmic derived gamma ray EXPOSURE of aircrews and passengers is the subject of the current study. In this paper, the controlable variations of the cosmic ray flux in the atmosphere and the cosmic RADIATION EXPOSURE at flight altitudes will be discussed. For this study, the EXPOSURE rates to gamma ray, in an energy range of 50 keV-1.5 MeV, for the Tehran- Bandarabbas air flights have been measured. The results show that the maximum dose rate at 3000ft (about 9km) is 15-20 times higher than on the ground base. Also, the dose rate for this pathway is about 1.87 mSv/h which for 500 hours flights per year it is estimatal to be 935 mSv. This number is less than human permissible dose rate of 1 mSv/year.

Background & Objectives: Systematic monitoring of EXPOSURE levels for RADIATION workers and other employees who might recive RADIATION is the main objective of dosimetry. Biodosimetry is the choice method to assess RADIATION dose of those exposed unplanned. Biodosimetry may be performed by three techniques: clinical methods, biological methods by genetic and cytogenetic analysis (including dicenteric assay, micronuclei assay, translocation analysis (FISH) and PCC analysis) and biodosimetry based on physical factors (including EPR and OSL). The ideal biodosimetry method is the technique which that offers accurate estimation of accidental or unplanned doses immediately following to EXPOSURE, in emergency cases. Other characteristics of an ideal biodosimetry method are high sensitivity, coverage to a wide range of doses, ability to distinguish between acute and chronic EXPOSURE. The aim of this study was to comparison of various biodosimetry methods used currently.Material & Methods: In this study, relevant articles on biological dosimetry have been reviewed. Then, specific keywords were selected based on the aim of study and the most recent publication in this field, were collected.Results: Gene expression methods have high sensitivity and low specificity. Dicentric chromosomes in human lymphocytes is still as ideal method of biodosimetry methods. However FISH and EPR techniques Because of the time stability of response, has recently been used widely.Conclusion: Evaluation of various biodosimetry techniques is evident biodosimetry is a practical method, but no single technique may be appropriate to apply for all applications. However, combined methods (especially physical and biological methods) can be helpful.